WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE GOVERNMENT ASPIRING TO BORROW AT NO MORE THAN 10%
The President of Kenya made a recent announcement stating the Government would no longer borrow money at interest rates of more than 10%. He was alluding to the current high rates of Government bond issues, most recently a 14-year infrastructure bond at almost 14%.
We believe this announcement does not refer to a cap on interest rates, but instead a desired scenario that would be achieved through market forces. The simplest route for interest rates to fall would be the need for the Government to borrow less money to finance the fiscal deficit. The Government issues bonds to raise money for various reasons including:
- Funding infrastructure projects
- Funding regular bills, salaries
- Paying costs of other borrowing
In order to reduce the need for borrowing through Government bond issues, one or more of the following needs to occur:
- Reduced Government expenditure
- Increased revenue from tax collections
- Access to other cheaper forms of borrowing such as concessionary loans from entities like the International Monetary Fund
Even if the Government succeeds in reducing the need for borrowing, it is expected to take some time before we see interest rates drop to levels of 10%. The likelihood is that the rates would edge slowly downwards with each new issue.
Who owns Kenyan Government Bonds?
The largest investors in Government bonds are banks and pension funds. These institutions will be the most impacted by a significant change in interest rates.
| Holder |
K Shs m |
% |
|
|
| Banks |
1,710,357 |
48% |
|
| Non-Banking Financial Institutions |
183 |
0% |
|
| Insurance companies |
301,265 |
8% |
|
| Pensions Funds |
1,224,108 |
34% |
|
| Others including individuals |
333,179 |
9% |
|
| Total |
3,569,092 |
100% |
|
SOURCE: ANNUAL PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT REPORT FOR FINANCIAL YEAR 2021/2022, NATIONAL TREASURY AND PLANNING
The positive effects of reduced rates
There are various angles to consider this from:
Higher motivation for banks to lend money. Currently Banks in Kenya own almost half of all the outstanding Government bonds. Investing in Kenyan bonds offers such attractive yields at very low risk. For a Bank in Kenya, it is easy to see how this is a much more attractive way to earn money instead of lending out to individuals or businesses that carry a higher risk and require more costly processes to manage. With interest rates falling, Banks will have an increased motivation to lend as they can maintain their return on equity. Thus, there would be an increased flow of money to individuals and businesses.
Lower borrowing costs for consumers and businesses. Existing loan payments on variable rates are likely to reduce. For businesses, this could mean more affordable financing for expansions.
Equity markets could be stimulated. With Government bond returns becoming less attractive and businesses being able to expand through lower financing costs, listed companies could become more attractive to investors. Increased interest from investors and positive sentiment could enable bull market conditions.
Private Equity and Alternative Investments could have more interest from investors. Few investments can compete with the risk-reward profile offered by Government bonds in the currently high interest rate environment. This has reduced demand for more risky investments in general; or where investments are made the premiums expected are very high and difficult to achieve.
Existing bond holders will see valuations of portfolios increase. Interest rates and bond valuations have an inverse relationship. If interest rates go down, investors holding existing bonds will see their portfolio values increase. We have seen the opposite effect this year.
The negative effects of reduced rates
The obvious negative impact would be that investors would earn lower returns on future bond investments. However, the process of getting to a low interest rate environment could have a more significant negative impact. If the Government reduces the fiscal deficit through reducing public expenditure or increasing taxes too aggressively, there could be a significant negative impact to economic activity, the job market and ultimately a lower GDP growth rate, depending on the quantum.
Having a lower interest rate environment would be positive for the economy, but a lot would depend on how we would get there. The new Government’s supplementary budget will shed some light on whether this aspiration could be a real possibility. In the meantime, however, there are still plans for the issuance of further bonds by the Government to raise up to Shs 40 billion before the end of the year in the current high interest rate environment.
By Neha Datta
Head, Asset Consulting Team at Zamara